Consequence 5: Risk of Fetal Macrosomia and Birth Injuries
The issue of fetal macrosomia, where a baby is significantly larger than average, is a common concern in pregnancies affected by diabetes. Elevated maternal blood sugar levels can result in excessive fetal insulin production, leading to increased growth and fat accumulation. This condition not only complicates childbirth but also increases the risk of birth injuries, such as brachial plexus injury or fractures during a vaginal delivery.
Obstetricians closely monitor fetal size in diabetic pregnancies to forecast the possibility of macrosomia. If a large baby is anticipated, discussions regarding the safest delivery method to minimize the risk of injury take place. In some cases, elective cesarean delivery is considered to reduce the potential for complications associated with passing through the birth canal.
A targeted approach to nutrition and physical activity is vital for managing blood sugar levels and curbing excessive fetal growth. Diabetes education programs often include guidance on how to monitor and manage blood glucose levels effectively, which can directly influence the baby’s growth trajectory.
In addition to proactive management, the importance of advanced imaging techniques cannot be overstated. Ultrasound evaluations provide invaluable insights into fetal growth patterns, allowing for timely interventions and alterations in the management plan.
Even with the possibility of macrosomia, many women with well-managed diabetes experience healthy deliveries and give birth to robust, vigorous babies. The collaborative effort between the pregnant woman and her healthcare team is instrumental in achieving such outcomes, blending vigilance with responsive care to address this consequential effect of diabetes on pregnancy. (5)
