Risk factor 4. Genetics – Tracing the Roots of Thyroid Cancer
Genetics forms the fourth risk factor, revealing the profound influence of family history and inherited genetic conditions on the development of thyroid cancer. Scientists have discovered certain gene mutations and inherited conditions that can significantly increase a person’s susceptibility to this disease.
When we talk about genetics and thyroid cancer, there are two primary areas to explore. One is familial thyroid cancer, where multiple members of the same family have thyroid cancer but without any other associated symptoms or conditions. The other is when thyroid cancer occurs as part of a genetic syndrome, along with other specific signs and symptoms.
In familial thyroid cancer, the mutation of genes such as RET, PTEN, and BRAF have been implicated. These genes play critical roles in cell growth and division, so their mutation can lead to unchecked cellular proliferation, a foundational step in cancer development.
As for genetic syndromes, conditions like Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) and Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer (FMTC) can predispose individuals to certain types of thyroid cancer, particularly medullary thyroid cancer. These syndromes are characterized by mutations in the RET gene, underscoring the shared genetic underpinning of these conditions. (4)
