Risk factor 5. Iodine Deficiency – The Double-Edged Sword
Next on our list is a dietary risk factor: iodine deficiency. Iodine is a vital element that our bodies need but cannot produce. It’s crucial for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate numerous physiological processes. But can a deficiency of iodine lead to thyroid cancer?
The answer is nuanced. Long-term severe iodine deficiency can lead to goiter, a condition characterized by the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement is due to the overstimulation of the thyroid as it attempts to produce enough hormones in the absence of sufficient iodine.
Goiter and the resulting nodular changes in the thyroid have been linked to a higher risk of certain types of thyroid cancer, particularly follicular and anaplastic thyroid cancer. However, it’s worth mentioning that this risk factor is more relevant to populations where iodine deficiency is prevalent. In areas where iodine supplementation is routine, like in the United States, this risk is considerably minimized.
Interestingly, too much iodine can also be problematic, and it’s often referred to as the “iodine paradox.” Some studies suggest that high dietary iodine intake might increase the risk of papillary thyroid cancer. It appears that both deficiency and excess of iodine could potentially lead to problems, illustrating the importance of achieving a dietary balance. (5)
