Fact 11: Small Vessel Disease and Cognitive Impairment
Although Small Vessel Disease primarily affects the cardiovascular system, its influence can extend to cognitive function as well. SVD is one of the leading causes of vascular cognitive impairment, a spectrum of cognitive disorders ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to vascular dementia. The continuous narrowing and hardening of the small vessels disrupts the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the brain, which can have detrimental effects on cognitive abilities.
The brain changes in SVD primarily involve alterations in the white matter and the formation of small cavities called lacunes. White matter changes are often due to the insufficient blood supply from the affected small vessels, leading to the degeneration of white matter tissue. The lacunes, on the other hand, result from the total blockage of a small blood vessel, leading to a mini-stroke or lacunar stroke. Both white matter changes and lacunes can contribute to cognitive decline.
The cognitive symptoms of small vessel disease can vary greatly among individuals. Some people might experience subtle memory problems, difficulty concentrating, or challenges with problem-solving and decision-making. In severe cases, vascular dementia can occur, characterized by significant cognitive decline that interferes with daily life. Symptoms might include confusion, disorientation, trouble understanding speech or writing, and even changes in personality or behavior.(11)
